| EN 16931 |
The European standard for the semantic data model of the electronic invoice. The basis of XRechnung, ZUGFeRD/Factur-X and Peppol BIS. |
| BT / BG |
Business Term and Business Group — the numbers with which EN 16931 names every field (BT-10 buyer reference) and every group of fields. Language-neutral, and therefore the stable reference in every validation finding. |
| CII |
Cross Industry Invoice (UN/CEFACT) — the XML syntax behind ZUGFeRD and Factur-X. |
| UBL |
Universal Business Language (OASIS) — the XML syntax behind XRechnung and Peppol BIS. |
| CIUS |
Core Invoice Usage Specification — a national narrowing of EN 16931: mandatory fields added, value ranges restricted, nothing invented. XRechnung is the German CIUS. |
| Peppol / PINT |
Peppol is the European exchange network along with its invoice profile BIS Billing 3.0. PINT is the international edition with jurisdiction-specific rule sets (ANZ, SG, JP, AE); a switch in the validation route decides which applies. |
| Schematron |
The rule language in which the EN 16931 business rules are published normatively. The engine runs them as predicates ported to C# — no Saxon, no XSLT — while keeping the rule IDs and the original wording. |
| ZUGFeRD profiles |
Five levels: MINIMUM, BASIC-WL, BASIC, EN16931 (COMFORT), EXTENDED. MINIMUM and BASIC-WL have no line items; the other three require them. XRechnung is not a ZUGFeRD profile but a format in its own right. |
| Factur-X |
The French name for the same standard as ZUGFeRD — one joint German-French format under two brand names. |
| Hybrid PDF |
A PDF invoice with the structured XML embedded as a file attachment: the visual layer for people, the XML for machines. ZUGFeRD/Factur-X is the common case. |
| PDF/A-3 |
The PDF long-term archiving format which — unlike PDF/A-1 and -2 — permits arbitrary file attachments. That is why it is the shell of the hybrid PDF. |
| Leitweg-ID |
The routing identifier of public-sector buyers in Germany, transmitted in BT-10 (buyer reference). BR-DE-15 requires it for XRechnung. |
| XRechnung |
The German CIUS to EN 16931, as UBL 2.1. The mandatory format for invoicing German public-sector buyers. |
| SdI |
Sistema di Interscambio — the Italian clearance platform through which FatturaPA invoices pass. The portal produces FatturaPA including the SdI-compliant file name; submission is not built. |
| KSeF |
Krajowy System e-Faktur — the Polish clearance platform for FA_VAT. The format is produced, submission is not built. |
| VIES |
The EU system for checking VAT identification numbers. It knows only the 27 member states and XI (Northern Ireland). If the service is unreachable, only the format is checked and the result is marked accordingly — rather than reported as an error. |
| GoBD |
The German administrative principles for the proper keeping and retention of books and records, from which the immutability of finalised invoices, the gap-free number sequence and correction by cancellation rather than deletion follow. |
| Tenant |
The data space of an account: the archive, master data, templates, keys and counters belong to it. Within it there are the roles owner and member. |
| Invoice issuer |
A master-data record per client invoiced on behalf of — its own name, its own VAT ID, its own bank details, its own logo and, on request, its own number range. |
| Finalising |
Filing an invoice bindingly in the archive: the consecutive number is drawn, the document regenerated with it and stored protected against deletion. Only here — never on merely creating it. |
| Mapping profile |
The stored column mapping of a bulk import — which column fills which invoice field, plus value tables, constants and arithmetic expressions. |
| Hub and spoke |
The engine’s translation principle: every format is read into one domain model and written from it. Every combination of source and target format therefore exists without requiring N² translators. |
